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Find answers to NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History Chapter 4 ‘The Mughals (16th to 17th Century)
Let’s recall
1. Match the following.
| Mansab | Marwar |
| Mongol | Uzbeg |
| Sisodiya Rajput | Mewar |
| Rathor Rajput | Rank |
| Nur Jahan | Jahangir |
Answer:
| Mansab | Rank |
| Mongol | Uzbeg |
| Sisodiya Rajput | Mewar |
| Rathor Rajput | Marwar |
| Nur Jahan | Jahangir |
2. Fill in the blanks.
(a) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, ____________ and _________________.
(b) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his ____________ .
c) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ____________ so that he
could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda.
(b) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his cavalry men.
c) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of suhl-i kuI so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.
3. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer:
The central provinces which were directly administered by the Moghuls were Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Kabul, Ajmer, Panipat. These regions were directly managed by the central Mughal administration, making them central provinces in the empire’s governance structure.
4. What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir?
Answer:
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. They did not reside in or administer their jagirs, but had rights to the revenue, collected on their behalf by their servants while the masabdars themselves served elsewhere.
Let’s Understand
5. What was the role of the zamindar in the Mughal administration?
Answer:
The role of the zamindars in Mughal administration is as follows:
Zamindars were the local headmen of the villages or powerful chieftains appointed by the Mughal emperor. They worked as intermediaries who were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and depositing them with the state. Some zamindars exercised significant power, so exploitation by Mughals could drive them to rebellion.
6. How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?
Answer:
Akbar’s debates with religious scholars – Ulama, Brahamanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics and Zoroastrians – helped him realise that the teachings of bigoted and dogmatic religious scholars created rifts and disharmony in society. So he devised a policy of religious tolerance and inclusivity known as ‘sulh-I kul’(universal peace) which enabled people from all faiths to co-exist peacefully.
7. Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer:
The Mughals emphasized their Timurid descent to associate themselves with a prestigious lineage, and to distance themselves from the negative implications associated with Genghis Khan and the Mongols, notorious for their massacres.
The Mughuls were descendants of Genghis Khan from their maternal side and Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey from their paternal side.
Let’s Discuss
8. How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
Land revenue was crucial for the stability of the Mughal Empire as it was the main source of income which funded the administrative and military expenditures. The efforts of Akbar’s revenue minister Todar Mal who surveyed crop yields, prices and areas cultivated over a period of ten years to fix tax rates indicates how important land revenue was considered.
9. Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer:
It was important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis because Mughal empire expanded to different regions. This helped integrate newly acquired regions into the empire.Common people felt their problems could only be represented by experienced local mansabdars. The Moghuls knew they needed to respect the cultural diversity of the land if they intended to rule over it. Moreover, providing representation to various groups also ensured their loyalty and stability of the empire.
10. Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units which can pose challenges to national integrity, but the diversity also enriches the cultural fabric of the country. Effective governance, inclusive policies, and promoting ‘unity in diversity’ have ensured that these challenges have strengthened our nation. The Indian Constitution forbids discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth or any of them. All citizens are guaranteed equality before the law and equal protection of the law. These measures ensure peace and harmony.
11. Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Peasants and farmers were vital for the economy of the Mughal empire, and they still remain crucial to India’s economy because 58 per cent of the population of India still depends on agriculture. Agriculture is not the only sector that is active in modern day, industry and services sector are important contributors to the national economy too.
The income gap between the rich and the poor persists, though the incomes have increased.
Let’s Do
12. The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/village/region in which you live.
Answer:
I live in Delhi, the erstwhile capital of the Mughal empire. And of course, the Mughal Empire had a deep impact on Delhi:
The Mughals constructed many famed structures in Delhi. Among them the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and Humayun’s Tomb showcase the Mughal architectural style, which blends Persian, Islamic, and Indian elements.
Delhi was developed into a major urban centre by the Mughals. Shah Jahan even established Shahjahanabad, which is now known as Old Delhi. The city was laid out with grand bazaars, gardens, and mosques.
The Mughals influenced Delhi’s culture through their patronage of arts, music, and literature. Persian culture and language became prominent, and the Mughal court was a center of cultural fusion.
Delhi served as the political and administrative capital of the Mughal Empire. The efficient administration and revenue systems introduced by the Mughals laid the foundation for future governance.
The Mughal Empire boosted Delhi’s economy by establishing it as a hub for trade and commerce. The city’s strategic location made it a centre for artisans, merchants, and traders from various regions.
Overall, the Mughal Empire left a lasting legacy in Delhi which can still be seen in its architecture, culture, and urban layout.
NCERT Class 7 History Our Past ll Chapter 4 ‘The Mughals’ (16th to 17th Century)
Page 42
Nobles with a zat of 5,000 were ranked higher than those of 1,000. In Akbar’s reign there were 29 Mansabdars with a rank of 5,000 zat; by Aurangzeb’s reign the number of mansabdars had increased to 79. Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes there would have been a substantial increase in expenditure for the state.
Page 46
Imagine
You have inherited a kingdom. (Remember Babur and Akbar were about your age when they became rulers). How would you make your kingdom stable and prosperous? write in 100 words.
Answer:
In order to make my kingdom stable and prosperous, I would focus on fair and just governance.
I would set up an equitable tax system to finance infrastructure and social services for the benefit of even the poorest of my subjects.
I would invest in education and healthcare to improve people’s lives.
Supporting farmers by giving them seeds, fertilisers and pesticides would be a good way to boost agriculture enabling farmers to pay taxes with ease.
I would promote religious tolerance and cultural diversity to maintain harmony and peace in society.
By hiring talented people from different backgrounds to advise me on subjects that I am not familiar with, I’d ensure everyone feels represented.
I would also forge strong alliances with other kingdoms to protect my kingdom from external threats.
Extra Questions NCERT Class 7 History Our Past ll Chapter 4 ‘The Mughals (16th to 17th Century)
A. Multiple Choice type Questions (MCQ)
1. Who founded the Mughal Empire in India?
a) Akbar
b) Humayun
c) Babur
d) Aurangzeb
2. Which battle marked the inception of the Mughal Empire in India?
a) Battle of Haldighati
b) Battle of Plassey
c) First Battle of Panipat
d) Battle of Khanwa
3. Who was Babur’s sucessor?
a) Akbar
b) Humayun
c) Shah Jahan
d) Jahangir
4. Which Mughal Emperor is known for the concept of ‘Sulh-i Kul’?
a) Aurangzeb
b) Babur
c) Akbar
d) Shah Jahan
5. Who was the last Mughal Emperor?
a) Akbar II
b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
c) Aurangzeb
d) Shah Jahan II
6. Which Mughal Emperor introduced the Mansabdari system?
a) Babur
b) Humayun
c) Akbar
d) Aurangzeb
7. Who was known as the Mughal Empress Nur Jahan?
a) Mumtaz Mahal
b) Jodha Bai
c) Mehrunnisa
d) Roshanara Begum
8. What was the revenue system introduced by Akbar’s minister Todar Mal called?
a) jagir
b) Ryotwari
c) Zabt
d) Iqta
9. From which great lineages did the Mughals descend?
a) Roman and Byzantine
b) Genghis Khan and Timur
c) Alexander the Great and Ashoka
d) Ottoman and Safavid
10. Which battle did Babur win to capture Delhi and Agra in 1526?
a) Battle of Haldighati
b) Battle of Khanwa
c) First Battle of Panipat
d) Second Battle of Panipat
11. Which system of inheritance did the Mughals follow?
a) Primogeniture
b) Patrilineal
c) Matrilineal
d) Coparcenary
12. Name Akbar’s revenue minister who carried out a careful survey of crop yields?
a) Abul Fazl
b) Todar Mal
c) Birbal
d) Man Si
13. From which source did the Mughal rulers derive their main income?
a) Trade tax
b) Revenue from zamindars
c) Military conquest spoils
d) Tribute from vassal states
14. What does ‘Sulh-i kul’ mean?
a) Eternal peace
b) Universal peace
c) Military dominance
d) Divine rule
15. What were the main components of the Ain-i Akbari?
a) Akbar’s personal diaryb) Military campaignsc) Akbar’s administration, household, army, revenues, and geography of his empired) Religious debate
Answers:
1.c) Babur
2. c) First Battle of Panipat
3. b) Humayun
4. c) Akbar
5. b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
6. c) Akbar
7. c) Mehrunnisa
8. c) Zabt
9. b) Genghis Khan and Timur
10. c) First Battle of Panipat
11. d) Coparcenary
12. b) Todar Mal
13. b) Revenue from zamindars
14. b) Universal peace
15. c) Akbar’s administration, household, army, revenues, and geography of his empire
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box to complete the following sentences:
| rebelling | jagirs | primogeniture | opulence | Mewar |
1. The Mughals did not believe in the rule of ___________where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.
2. The Sisodiya Rajputs of __________ refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.
3. In Akbar’s reign, these _______ were carefully assessed so that their revenues were
roughly equal to the salary of the mansabdar.
4. Sometimes zamindars and peasants of the same caste allied in _________ against Mughal authority.
5. But these same visitors were also appalled at the state of poverty that existed side
by side with the greatest__________.
Answer:
1. The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture where the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.
2. The Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time.
3. In Akbar’s reign, these jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were
roughly equal to the salary of the mansabdar.
4. Sometimes zamindars and peasants of the same caste allied in rebelling against Mughal authority.
5. But these same visitors were also appalled at the state of poverty that existed side
by side with the greatest opulence.
C. Match the words in column A with those in column B
| A | B |
| zabt | Cavalry men maintained by the mansabdars |
| zat | Universal peace |
| sawar | Revenue assignments given to mansabdars |
| jagir | The revenue system under Akbar |
| Sulh-i-kuhl | Numerical value for determining rank and salary in the Moghul administration |
Answer:
| A | B |
| zabt | The revenue system under Akbar |
| zat | Numerical value for determining rank and salary in the Moghul administration |
| sawar | Cavalry men maintained by the mansabdars |
| jagir | Revenue assignments given to mansabdars |
| Sulh-i-kuhl | Universal peace |
D. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE:
1. Mansab, meaning a position or rank was a grading system to fix rank, salary, and military responsibilities in the Mughal administration.
2. Todar Mal was Akbar’s friend and counsellor who helped frame the idea of ‘Sulh-i-kul’.
3. The Mughals followed the rule of primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited the father’s estate.
4. The main source of income for the Mughal Empire was tax on the produce of the peasantry.
5. Aurangzeb was able to effectively control the jagirdars and prevent peasant revolts during his reign.
Answer:
1. True
2. False: Todar Mal was Akbar’s revenue minister who carried out a survey of crop yields, prices and areas under cultivation for 10 years in order to fix fair tax rates. It was Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend, who helped frame the idea of ‘Sulh-i-kul’.
3. False: The Mughals followed the Timurid custom of coparcenary inheritance which divided the inheritance amongst all sons.
4. True
5. False: Aurangzeb was unable to control the jagirdars who extracted as much rent as possible while they had a jagir. A situation had arisen where the number of mansabdars exceeded the number of jagirs and there was often a long waiting oeriod before a jagir was allotted to a mansabdar. So the peasants were over taxed suffered during his reign.
E. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Who was Genghis Khan?
Answer:
He was the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia.
2. Who was Timur?
Answer:
Timur was the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
3. To which throne did Babur succeed at the age of twelve?
Answer:
Babur succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was twelve years old.
4. Why was Babur forced to leave his ancestral throne?
Answer:
Babur was forced to leave his ancestral throne due to an invasion by another Mongol group, the Uzbegs.
5. How and when did Babur ascend the throne of Delhi?
Answer:
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, during the First battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra in 1526. He was the first Mughal emperor who ruled from 1526 to 1530.
6. What was the rule of primogeniture?
Answer:
Under the rule of primogeniture the eldest son inherited his father’s estate.
7. What type of inheritance system did the Mughals follow instead of primogeniture?
Answer:
Instead of primogeniture, the Mughals preferred the system of coparcenary inheritance, where the inheritance was divided among all the sons.
8. What qualities of the Mughals enabled them to influence many kings and chieftains?
Answer:
The careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings
9. What policy did Akbar adopt to ensure universal peace among different religions?
Answer:
Akbar adopted the policy of “sulh-i kul,” which means universal peace, to ensure harmony among different religions.
10. What do you understand by the term ‘mansabdar’?
Answer:
A mansabdar is an individual who holds a ‘mansab’ meaning a position or rank.
11. What is the meaning of ‘zat’?
Answer:
The term ‘zat’ refers to the numerical value that determined a noble’s rank and salary. The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in the court.
12. What was a ‘jagir’?
Answer:
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments known as ‘jagirs’.
13. What was zabt?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was known as zabt.
14. Who wrote the history of Akbar’s reign known as the Akbar Nama?
Answer:
The history of Akbar’s reign, known as the Akbar Nama, was written by Abul Fazl.
15. What was the title given to Mehrunnisa after her marriage to Jahangir?
Answer:
Mehrunnisa was given the title “Nur Jahan.”after her marriage to Jahangir.
16. What was the primary source of income for the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The primary source of income for the Mughal Empire was the tax on the produce of the peasantry.
17. Which areas could not be effectively controlled by the Mughal administration due to lack of survey and careful accounts?
Answer:
Distant areas like Gujarat and Bengal could not be effectively controlled by the Mughal administration due to the lack of survey and detailed accounts.
18. What was the name of the fort from which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day?
Answer:
The name of the fort from which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day is the Red Fort in Delhi.
19. What term did the Mughals use to describe all intermediaries, whether local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains?
Answer:
The Mughals used the term “zamindars” to describe all intermediaries, whether local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains.
20. Which Mughal ruler’s mother was a Kachhwaha princess?
Answer:
Jahangir’s mother was a Kachhwaha princess.
F. Short Answer Type Questions
1. What was the impact of the increase in the number of mansabdars during Aurangzeb’s reign?
Answer:
The increase in the number of mansabdars during Aurangzeb’s reign led to a shortage of jagirs, resulting in some mansabdars extracting as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir causing suffering among the peasantry.|
2. What was the result of the detailed records of Akbar’s administration found in the Ain-i Akbari?
Answer:
The detailed records of Akbar’s administration found in the Ain-i Akbari provide rich statistical details about the administration, household, army, revenues, geography, and the traditions and culture of the people living in India.
3. How were the Moghuls more successful than their predecessors in creating an empire?
Answer:
Unlike the rulers before them, the Mughals established a vast empire and achieved what their predecessors could do only for brief periods. Starting in the latter half of the 16th century, they expanded their territory from Agra and Delhi, eventually controlling almost the entire subcontinent by the 17th century. They introduced novel administrative systems and governance ideas that endured beyond their reign, creating a political legacy that subsequent rulers of the subcontinent could not ignore.
4. Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How did he become an emperor of Delhi?
Answer:
Babur was the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530). He became an emperor by succeeding to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years old. However, following the invasion of the Uzbegs, another Mongol group, he was forced to leave his ancestral throne. After years of wandering, he seized Kabul in 1504. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra, thus laying the foundation of the Mughal Empire.
5. Mention at least two instances of the Mughal emperors marrying Rajput women. What was the purpose of these alliances?
Answer:
Two Instances of Mughal emperors marrying Rajput women are:
Jahangir’s mother was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber .
Shah Jahan’s mother was a Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).
These alliances were beneficial for all. The Moghuls gained trusted allies while the Rajputs received high positions.
6. Describe in brief Akbar’s religious policy?
Answer:
Akbar’s religious policy was dominated by the principle of sulh-i-kul, meaning “universal peace.” This policy promoted tolerance and did not differentiate between individuals of various religions within his empire. Instead, it emphasized a universal code of ethics, prioritizing honesty, justice, and peace, which applied to all people regardless of their religious beliefs.
7. What was the position of Akbar’s nobles?
Answer:
In Akbar’s reign, nobles held considerable power and influence, commanding large armies and had access to significant revenues. They remained loyal to the empire and performed their duties efficiently. However, by the end of the seventeenth century, many nobles had created their own independent networks, and their allegiance to the empire weakened due to their personal ambitions.
8. What kind of relations did the Mughals have with other rulers? Discuss with special reference to the Rajputs rulers.
Answer:
The Mughal rulers maintained a policy of campaigning against those who refused to acknowledge their authority. As the Mughals grew more powerful, many rulers chose to ally with them voluntarily. Several Rajput rulers forged alliances by marrying their daughters into Mughal families, thus securing prominent positions. However, resistance was not uncommon; for example, the Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal dominance for a long time. Despite their defiance, once defeated, the Mughals treated them honourably by returning their lands as assignments or ‘ watan jagirs’. This respectful treatment of defeated opponents helped the Mughals expand their influence over numerous kings and chieftains.
9. Who were mansabdars? What were their responsibilities?
Answer:
The Mughals recruited various groups of people to efficiently manage the empire. Those who entered Mughal service were known as mansabdars. A mansabdar was someone who held a mansab, which denoted a position or rank. This grading system determined an individual’s rank, salary, and military duties.
Mansabdars had specific military responsibilities, including maintaining a designated number of cavalrymen, known as sawars. They presented their cavalrymen for inspection, ensured they were registered, had their horses branded, and then received funds to pay their salaries.
Masabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. They did not reside inor administer their jagirs. They onky had rights over the revenue of their assignments whicg were collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars served in some other part of the empire.
10. Describe the revenue system implemented by Todar Mai, Akbar’s revenue minister.
Answer:
Todar Mai, Akbar’s revenue minister, implemented a detailed revenue system. He conducted a thorough survey of crop yields, prices, and cultivated areas over a ten-year period from 1570 to 1580. Using this data, taxes were determined for each crop in cash. The provinces were divided into revenue circles, each with its own schedule of rates for various crops. This system, known as zabt, was applied in regions where Mughal officials could effectively survey the land and maintain precise records.
11. Why was the peasantry burdened by heavy taxes during the last years of Aurangzeb’s reign?
Answer:
During Akbar’s reign, the jagirs were meticulously evaluated to ensure their revenues matched the mansabdar’s salary. However, during Aurangzeb’s reign, this balance was disrupted, with actual revenue often falling short of the allotted amount.
Moreover, there was a significant increase in the number of mansabdars, leading to long waits for jagir assignments. These issues, among others, resulted in a shortage of available jagirs. Consequently, many jagirdars attempted to collect as much revenue as possible during their tenure. Aurangzeb struggled to manage these problems in the later years of his reign, causing severe suffering for the peasantry. The high rates of revenue demanded from them made their lives very difficult.
12. Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i- Akbari.
Answer:
The Akbar Nama is a three-volume history of Emperor Akbar’s reign, written by Abul Fazl. The first volume chronicles the history of Akbar’s ancestors, while the second volume details the events of Akbar’s own reign. The third volume, known as the Ain-i-Akbari, primarily focuses on Akbar’s administration, military, household, revenues, and the geography of his empire. It also offers valuable insights into the traditions and culture of the people in India. One of the most fascinating aspects of the Ain-i-Akbari is its comprehensive statistical information on various subjects, including crops, yields, prices, wages, and revenues.
G. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Write in brief about the Mughal Empire in the 17th century and afterward
Answer:
(a) The Mughal Empire reached its zenith in terms of influence and power during the 17th century. Their administrative and military expertise led to significant economic and commercial prosperity. The empire amassed vast fortunes, allowing the Mughal elites to live in great luxury. However, the general populace wallowed in poverty.
(b) The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent much of their income on salaries and goods, benefiting the artisans and peasants who supplied these goods. Despite this, exorbitant revenue collection left peasants and artisans with little to invest in improving their productivity. The poorest among them lived in dire conditions, unable to afford additional resources such as tools and supplies. Meanwhile, wealthier peasants, artisans, merchants, and bankers thrived in this economic environment.
(c) In the late 17th century, the Mughal elites wielded significant power. As Mughal authority waned, many nobles became independent, forming new dynasties and taking control of provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh.
Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Class 7 History Our Past ll Chapter 4 ‘The Mughals (16th to 17th Century)’
These solutions and extra material have been designed by an expert team of Indian and foreign-educated teachers taking into account every detail of the lesson and presenting them in the most easy-to-understand way possible. Every single aspect of the lesson has been explained in a clear and lucid manner. Accurate and well-written solutions to all the end-text and in-text questions are provided and many more extra questions have been included to ensure maximum retention. We advise you to go through them.
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The NCERT Class 7 Our Pasts-II Chapter 4 ‘The Mughals (16th to 17Th Century) discusses the following topics:
Who were the Mughals?
Mughals Military campaigns
Mughal Relations With Other Rulers
Mansabdars and Jagidars
Zabt and Zamindars
Akbar’s Policies
The Mughal Empire in the 17th century and after
Yes indeed! You can download the free PDF versions of these excellent solutions anytime (please look towards the top of the page)!
Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
What is the rule of primogeniture?
Which areas could not be effectively controlled by the Mughal administration due to lack of survey and careful accounts?
What type of inheritance system did the Mughals follow instead of primogeniture?
How were the Moghuls more successful than their predecessors in creating an empire?
What term did the Mughals use to describe all intermediaries, whether local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains?
Who were mansabdars? What were their responsibilities?
Describe in brief Akbar’s religious policy?
Babur was the first Mughal emperor. How did he become an emperor of Delhi?
What was the position of Akbar’s nobles?
Describe the extent of the Mughal Empire by the 17th century.
What kind of relations did the Mughals have with other rulers? Discuss with special reference to the Rajputs rulers.
Describe the revenue system implemented by Todar Mai, Akbar’s revenue minister.
Why was the peasantry burdened by heavy taxes during the last years of Aurangzeb’s reign?
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